Regulatory Affairs Update; FDA 483 and Warning Letters Trends for 2012

Those of you who manufacture products approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are well aware of the importance of complying with Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) during FDA mandated inspections of your manufacturing facilities. Failure to comply with cGMP requirements during an inspections results in the issuance of 483s. And if you fail to adequately address the concerns of the agency outlined in 483s, it may ultimately result in issuance of warning letter to your company.

FDA is more vigilant and aggressive than ever before with its 483 and warning letter enforcement procedures. In the words of Commissioner Margaret Hamburg, FDA is quick, visible and vigilant.  With this in mind, it may be worthwhile to participate in a webinar offered by Expert Briefings.com entitled “Top Compliance Trends for 483 and Warning Letters for 2012—Based on Rare FDA Data.”

The webinar will be held on March 8, 2012 from 2:00-3:30 PM EST and Dennis Moore, Managing Partner, AUK Technical Services and a 28 year veteran FDA investigator will lead it. 

Topics to be covered include:

  • Top warning letter trends for 2012, such as more 806 enforcement
  • The Top 10 QS 483 Observations for 2010 and 2011
  • Most common quality system failures for drugs for 2010
  • Top drug and device citations in 483s for 2010
  • Top drug and device warning letter citations for 2010
  • Total 2010 BIMO inspections for CDER, CBER, CDRH, and CVM
  • Details on clinical investigator, sponsor/monitor and IRB audits for 2010
  • Most common sponsor deficiencies for 2010
  • The rising trend of ‘cease to market’ letters, one of which hit a NY pharma company in 2011
  • The total number of 483s issued in 2010 and 2011 – an all time high
  • Total CAPA 483 observations in 2010
  • How long to receive a warning letter, based upon which offices issues it
  • 483 inspection targets for drugs and devices for 2010, 2011, and 2012
  • Total warning letters issued by drug and device category in 2010
  • Which district offices write the most warning letters
  • How long to receive a warning letter, based upon issuing office
  • Warning letters issued by QS system for 2010
  • 483s broken down by QS subsystem for 2010
  • Warning letters by CFR section
  • Top device 483 observations for 2010
  • Details on process validation observations for 2010
  • Design control 483 observations by category for 2010
  • Click here to visit Expertbriefings.com.

Click here to visit Expertbriefings.com.

I hope to see (hear ?) you at the webinar!

 

FDA Inspections: Insights into Responding to FDA Inspectional Observations

US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) inspections of drug and devices manufacturing facilities are typically anxiety ridden exercises that can strike fear into even the most seasoned quality and regulatory affairs professionals. And, most manufacturing facilities do not escape these inspections unscathed and are routinely cited, in many cases, for minor infractions.

For those of you who may not be familiar with FDA inspections, manufacturing facilities that produce approved drugs and devices must be inspected every two years for insure regulatory compliance with Current Good Manufacturing Practices (CGMPs). During the inspection, FDA inspectors document “significant objectionable conditions, relating to products and/or processes or other violations of the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act” that they observe. These are known in the industry as Form FDA 483 Inspectional Observations or simply 483. Companies that receive 483s must correct the so-called objections conditions to remain CGMP compliant.

While receiving 483s during an inspection may be routine, it can be overwhelming to inexperienced companies and their representatives. With this in mind, I found a great blog post by Bruce McDuffee, Global Marketing Manager, Veriteq that provides insights on interacting with the agency to manage 483s. He offers the following advice:

“One thing that you should be clear about is that this is not a ‘warning letter’; it is an offer to help you resolve issues and improve your quality system. The FDA may or may not issue a warning letter next if you have not addressed the conditions of the 483 to its satisfaction. Receiving a 483 does not necessarily mean you are out of compliance.

In responding to a 483, your objectives should include these three things; establish credibility, demonstrate acknowledgement and understanding of the observations and the associated requirements and show commitment to corrective actions."

Bruce recommends that you take the following actions when dealing with 483s:

  1. Get your response in on time or even early if possible. The FDA wants to see the response within 15 days, so plan your review and internal processes accordingly.
  2. In the first paragraph, demonstrate your understanding of and desire to comply with FDA regulations.
  3. Respond individually to each item addressed on the form. Give a corrective action and time-frame for implementing.
  4. Prioritize by first addressing the conditions that will most likely affect product quality.
  5. Outline how and when each deficiency will be corrected.
  6. Avoid talking about whose fault the issue is or how it came to be. For example, keep a positive tone and indicate how the quality system will be improved.
  7. Include any reference documents, such as purchase agreements for a new monitoring system or employment agreement for a new quality manager.
  8. Keep in mind that there is a formal process available for you to dispute the findings.
  9. Be proactive in addressing the conditions. For example, address why the deficiencies were not detected internally and what will be done to correct this condition.
  10. Seek clarification with the inspector when you receive the 483 on the spot. Be sure you understand each objectionable condition before the inspector leaves the site. It may behoove you and your firm to seek out an industry expert if the matters seem complex or if the issues are not able to be resolved by your own personnel.”

While CGMP and regulatory compliance may seem like arcane concepts, they are vitally important and must be clearly understood by companies that are manufacturing FDA-approved drugs and devices. Failure to comply can result in penalties, monetary fines and revocation of a license to manufacture a drug or device.

Until next time....

Good Luck and Good Job Hunting (try regulatory affairs or quality assurance and control)

 

TWiM # 3 is Live: Anthrax, Genomics and the FBI Inquiry

I am sure that almost all  BioJobBlog readers remember the anthrax attacks that followed shortly after September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Centers and the Pentagon. After an extensive investigation by the FBI it was determined that Bruce Ivins, PhD a microbiologist at Fort Detrick, MD (who later committed suicide after being implicated) was likely responsible for the anthrax attacks that killed several people and injured others.

On episode #3 of the podcast This Week in Microbiology, Vincent, Cliff, Jo Handelsman  and Ron Atlas explore the genome analysis done in support of the Amerithrax investigation, and an insecticidal enterotoxin-deficient mutant of Bacillus thurigiensis a commonly used antimicrobial pesticide..

 To listen to TWiM # 3 please visit www.microbeworld.org or download it here. TWiM 3 podcast!

Until next time...

Good Luck and Good Job Hunting!!!!!!!!!!

 

FDA Begins Reining In Genetic Testing Companies: It's About Time!

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced on Friday that it will begin monitoring and investigating the services offered by consumer-focused, personal genomic testing companies. In warning letters to five companies, the agency notified company executives that their tests are considered medical devices and therefore must be federally approved as safe and effective. None of the companies have submitted their products for approval, according to the FDA. Further, the agency contends that personal genomic tests as medical devices must be “analytically and clinically accurate so that individuals are not misled by incorrect test results or unsupported clinical interpretations." Previously, the agency hadn’t definitively classified the tests as medical devices. However, the agency has become increasingly concerned that results from the tests may ultimately be used for diagnostics and prognostic purposes by various entities including insurance companies and employers.

The companies that received letters on Friday included California-based 23 and Me (backed by Google Health), Navigenics and Illumina and Knome of Cambridge, Mass.; and deCode Genetics of Lake Barrington, Ill. The FDA sent a similar letter in May to Pathway Genomics of San Diego, after Pathway announced it intended to sell its tests through Walgreens drugstores. Many industry insiders believe that the proposed Pathway Genomic-Walgreens was the proverbial “straw that broke the camel’s back” which prematurely forced the agency to take regulatory action.

The letters deal with specific tests marketed by: 23andMe Inc., deCODE Genetics, Illumina, Navigenics and Knome Inc. FDA asks each of the companies to contact the agency to make arrangements for submitting their tests for review. 23andMe and Navigenics and DeCode Genetics, sell tests that scan a person’s DNA, looking at genetic variations that can suggest whether a person is at a higher or lower risk of getting certain diseases like cancer or diabetes. Illumina sells DNA chips that are used by some companies to do the DNA scans whereas Knome offers consumers a complete sequence of their DNA, which can be used to glean disease risk information. While 23 and Me is pushing back, deCode Genetics CEO stated that the company will work with the agency to legitimize its tests as part of “standard medical care.” Knome, whose whole genomic sequencing platform will ultimately supplant the services offered by 23 and Me, Navigenics and Pathway Genomics, has also expressed a willingness to work with the agency.

Despite the existence of theGenetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) enacted in May 2008—which ostensibly would shield patients from potential “genetic discrimination”—many privacy and medical information advocates fear that loopholes will allow insurance companies and prospective employers to abuse the results from personal genomic analyses. To that end, GINA does not cover life, individual disability insurance, or long-term care insurance, and the potential for genetic discrimination still exists in these areas. For example, a person at genetic risk for developing Alzheimer’s could be denied long-term healthcare insurance because Alzheimer’s patients have been known to live for long periods of time, and their care is costly.

Another legitimate concern raised by some people is ownership of the results of personal genomic analyses. Surprisingly, at present, it isn’t clear who owns or ultimately controls a person’s genetic information data after it is generated. For example, it is likely (but not certain) that a consumer who purchases whole genome sequencing services from a personal genomics company owns and controls his/her sequence data. Ownership and control of the information isn’t likely to be straightforward or easily defined until rules and regulations are crafted to clarify how genomic information is owned, stored, and accessed by individuals and third parties.

While companies like 23 and Me and their ilk aren’t pleased that FDA has finally classified their tests as medical devices, they had to know that regulatory oversight of the personal genomic testing business was inevitable. This is because the results from personal genomic tests have been and will continue to be used by various and sundry entities a diagnostic and prognostic tools.

It is obvious to almost everyone in the life sciences industry that there are huge sums of money to be made in the personal genomic testing space. Consequently, the last thing that personal genomics company executives wanted was regulatory oversight by FDA (it tends to interfere with business and profit margins). However, we all have experienced first hand what happens when companies are allowed to operate in the absence regulatory oversight.

Hat tip to FDA for finally taking a stand on this important issue!

Until next time...

Good Luck and Good Job Hunting!!!!!!!!

 

Standing Out in the Crowd: Tips on How to Best Compete for a Job Interview

I previously posted several articles on interviewing tips. This presupposes that many of my readers have made the first cut and have been invited to participate in a phone or face-to-face onsite job interview. Unfortunately, this isn’t any easy thing to do in today’s current employment market. Nevertheless, there are a variety of things that job seekers can do to help their application standout from the hundreds (thousands) of other applications submitted by others competing for the same position. To that end, I found an article that first appeared on the JobsJournal.com website that offers basic tips on how to design a resume (and accompanying cover letter) to distinguish individual jobseekers from their competition.

While the information contained in the article isn’t “game changing” it does offer fresh insights into how job candidates must position themselves to be noticed in today’s fierce and highly competitive job market.

Until next time...

Good Luck and Good Job Hunting!!!!!!!!!!!!

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FDA Enters the Digital Age by Issuing 22 Warning Letters to Web Site Operators

The public hearing held by FDA last week in Washington DC to address social media and promotional advertising in the pharmaceutical seems to have altered the agency’s perspective on all things digital. Today, according to a press release, marked the agency’s completion of a coordinated week long international effort called the International Week of Action (IIWA) that was intended to curb illegal actions involving medical and pharmaceutical products.

During the effort, the FDA's Office of Criminal Investigations (OCI), in conjunction with the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research and the Office of Regulatory Affairs, Office of Enforcement, targeted 136 Web sites that appeared to be engaged in the illegal sale of unapproved or misbranded drugs to U.S. consumers. None of the Web sites are for pharmacies in the United States or Canada.

The agency issued 22 warning letters to the operators of these Web sites and notified Internet service providers and domain name registrars that the Web sites were selling products in violation of U.S. law. In many cases, because of these violations, Internet service providers and domain name registrars may have grounds to terminate the Web sites and suspend the use of domain names. Apparently, FDA has taken to sending warning letter en masse—it previously sent identical warning letters to 14 different pharmaceutical companies for improprieties associated with Google search ads.

Is there really a sea change taking place at FDA? Will a carefully and thoughtfully- crafted guidance document on the use of social media be next; now that the agency is no longer afraid to navigate the Internet? Only time will tell....hopefully sooner, rather than later!

Until next time...

Good Luck and Good Surfing!!!!!!!!!

 

Social Media and the Pharmaceutical Industry: A Historical Perspective and Commentary

In today’s edition of the incisive EyeonFDA blog, Mark Senak, provides a historical perspective on events leading to the US Food and Drug Administration public hearing on the use of social media and medical promotion that will be held on Thursday and Friday, November 12 and 13, 2009. As Mark points out, registration for the meeting was closed because of an overwhelming response and the number of people who wanted to offer testimony on the topic. Many social media enthusiasts view the public hearing as something of a “game changer” that may influence the future direction of social media in the life sciences industry. But, as Mark, astutely points out, only four pharmaceutical companies and one or two trade organizations will be participating at the hearing. 

The lack of industry participation at the meeting is curious given that 14 companies received warning letters several months ago about their misuse of ad associated with the results obtain by Google search. Further, pharmaceutical companies have consistently and publicly stated that their aversion to social media is contingent upon the lack of FDA’s regulatory guidance for its use. By not actively participating in the public hearings later this week, many pharma companies have chosen to remain silent and will likely allow FDA to craft social media policies that guide the promotional activities of drug makers on its own. This begs the question: why would drug makers allow a federal regulatory agency to unilaterally dictate policy, when the policy will likely affect their bottom lines, i.e. sales and profits? The industry’s refusal to actively participate in these hearings is another example of the cat and mouse game that drug makers like to play with FDA. Put simply, drug makers expect and want FDA to commit (in writing) to certain policies and guidelines and once established, company regulators and lawyers are instructed to find loopholes and work-arounds. I liken the drug industry’s refusal to actively participate in the upcoming public hearings to the now infamous rope-ad-dope strategy Mohammed Ali used to knock out George Foreman in the now infamous Rumble in the Jungle in 1974. This is how wikipedia defines the rope-a-dope: “The rope-a-dope is performed by a boxer assuming a protected stance, in Ali's classic pose, lying against the ropes, and allowing his opponent to hit him, in the hope that the opponent will become tired and make mistakes which the boxer can exploit in a counterattack.” I hope that I am wrong about the drug industry’s strategy and motives.

Without active industry participation it isn’t clear how effective the FDA public hearing on social media will be. As Mark adroitly points out in today’s post, “The bulk of the other presentations are tertiary stakeholders perhaps sensing a vehicle for free self-promotion such as advertising and public relations firms and bloggers, but they aren't the real stakeholders in this issue.  The real stakeholders are those who are referred to in the meeting notice - the medical products industry.” I would also add the American public to the stakeholder list who also has considerable “skin in the game.”

Pharma’s active participation at many of the social media conferences that I recently attended indicates that something must be in it for pharma; otherwise they wouldn’t attend. There is no question that social media isn’t a passing fad and is now an integral part of the Web 2.0 experience. That said, for the first time in many years, drug makers have a unique opportunity to actively voice their ideas and concerns and collaboratively work with FDA to craft meaningful social media regulatory guidance. As many of us “outside observers” know, the agency doesn’t have all the answers and we would like to think that drug makers would extend a helping hand to avoid confusion and misunderstandings about the use of social media to promote their products and services. While only 4 companies are scheduled to speak at the hearings, I suspect that there will be many life science company representatives in attendance. Nevertheless, despite what may happen at this week’s hearings, I hope that, going forward, drug makers and device manufacturers will begin to view FDA as a partner rather than an adversary!

Until next time...

Good Luck and Good Job Hunting!!!!

 

Social Media: Pharma's Continuing Web 2.0 Inertia

I came across a recent post on Adage.com entitled “Pharma Drops Search Advertising After FDA Warning” that revealed that paid search ads by pharmaceutical companies dropped a 84% between March 26 of this year and the end of June. As you may recall, March 26 was when 14 companies received warning letters from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) indicating that they had violated marketing guidelines for search ad advertising. The letters stated that sponsored-link advertisements for specific drugs were misleading due to the exclusion of risk information associated with the use of the drug -- even though the regulatory agency's guidelines are for print and broadcast, not online or social media. Pharma companies that believed they were in compliance with the unwritten "one-click rule"— taking the consumer from the ad to a site that offered fair balance and the risk information by clicking on the ad. What? Did I read that correctly; the words “unwritten and FDA” in the same sentence? This is very surprising since anybody who has worked with the agency is well aware of the “if it isn’t written it didn’t happen” principle. But I digress....

The post went on to say that pharmaceutical companies are “fearful of running afoul” of the agency again. Say what? The words “pharma and fearful” used in the same sentence? The point that I am trying to make is that pharma chose to keep things vague about web-based advertising to see how far they can push the envelope with FDA instead of taking the proverbial “bull by the horns” and directly asking FDA for guidance on web 2.0 technologies and their uses. Wouldn’t it be in everyone’s best interest if companies took a more active role to help craft new rules on the use of new media technologies rather then rely on and wait for FDA to do it for them? While the old “cat and mouse” game worked for old media, it is no longer tenable when it comes to Web 2.0 and related technologies.

The FDA is holding public hearings next month to begin the process of establishing internet advertising guidelines and the use of social media in the life science industry. This offers drug and devices companies an opportunity to show FDA that they no longer want to be part of the problem but part of the solution.  I have always subscribed to the notion that “you don’t get if you don’t ask!”

Until next time...

Good Luck and Good Surfing (on the Internet that is)

 

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FDA Update: A Sleeping Giant Is Showing Signs of Life

Mark Senak, who writes the outstanding Eye on FDA blog, posted an interesting article today that tracks the number of warning letters issued by DDMAC (the center that oversees life sciences marketing and advertising) over the past 12 years. Not surprisingly, the number of warning letters issued by DDMAC fell precipitously during the Bush Administration, after reaching a high during the waning years of Bill Clinton’s presidency. In fact, the number of warning letters issued by DDMAC during the first two quarters of 2009 exceeds the yearly total of warning letters issued in the past 4 of five years. However, as Mark clearly points out, the 2009 year to date number of warning letters may be artificially inflated because of 14 identical ones issued on the same day (April 2) to 14 different companies regarding internet search engine advertising. Nevertheless, it is becoming increasingly apparent that the agency is beginning to emerge from a long slumber and that US regulatory oversight may be entering a new, more scrutinizing era. 

While increasing regulatory scrutiny may be appropriate after 8 years of no regulation at all, it is important that FDA doesn’t overreact and unnecessarily stifle new drug and product development. To that end, I believe that the agency needs to be reorganized, revamped and revitalized to replace its traditionally “reactive” way of doing business with a more “proactive” one.  For example, there is a burgeoning need for regulatory guidance on the use of social media by companies in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology and medical devices and diagnostics industries. Unfortunately, FDA has been unwilling or unable to enunciate a cogent regulatory strategy or any meaningful guidance on this topic. Consequently, many life sciences companies have refrained from using social media because they simply don’t know how to implement it in the current regulatory environment. I believe that FDA, not the companies it regulates, should take the lead on this issue.

Finally, it is becoming increasingly apparent that many companies will continue to refrain from using social media and other Web 2.0 tools until FDA crafts some useful guidance on these topics. Sadly, Web 3.0 is just around the corner and the agency is still struggling with regulatory guidance for corporate websites. Maybe Congress needs to craft some new FDA modernization legislation—it has been 12 years since the last modernization bill was passed!

Until next time....

Good Luck and Good Job Hunting!!!!!!!!!

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Pharma Flocking to Social Media?

Mark Sendak, a social media enthusiast and author of the Eye on FDA blog, wrote a great post today about an article he saw in the Washington Post entitled “Drug Firms Jockey for Space Online.”

Mark wrote: “Flock?  Flock?  FLOCK?  The only way you could use the term "flock" in connection with pharmaceutical firms and social media is to say that companies are a scared flock of geese.” He goes on to castigate FDA’s Division of Drug Marketing, Advertising and Communications (DDMAC) for a lack of a coherent regulatory framework and guidance for the use of social media in the life sciences industry.

Mark aptly describes DDMAC’s guidance surrounding social media and the pharmaceutical industry this way. “No one knows, and DDMAC apparently makes this stuff up as they go along. That is the kind of Whack-a-Mole game DDMAC plays.  We won't tell you what is off limits, until you do it and then WHACK! Is this anyway to run a pharmaceutical industry?

I am in total agreement with Mark on this issue. Despite the rapid adoption of social media by other industries, FDA has consistently been reluctant to issue any regulatory guidance what so ever on the topic despite assertions to the contrary. Unfortunately, when it comes to social media and the pharmaceutical industry, FDA’s usual approach to regulatory guidance—reactive rather than proactive—is still alive and well. As you may recall FDA previously sent warning letters to no fewer than 14 pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies admonishing them on their placement of product ads on search engine results pages. The fact that 14 different companies received warning letters on this issue reflects the confusion and lack of guidance offered by FDA on social media and the use of Web 2.0 technologies to promote or support the sale pharmaceutical products.

The growing popularity and inevitability of social media suggests that DDMAC officials along with industry representatives must begin to consider crafting a preliminary regulatory framework for its use in the life sciences industry. Like it or not, social media is here to stay!

Hat tip to EyeonFDA!

Until next time....

Good Luck and Good Job Hunting

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Social Media, FDA and the Life Sciences Industry

Earlier this week, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) sent warning letters to 14 different pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies to advise them that their approach to Internet advertising is violating federal pharmaceutical advertising and marketing guidelines and regulations. While the agency’s attempt to regulate Internet-based drug advertising is laudable, the fact that warning letters were sent to 14 different life sciences companies means that there is a poor understanding of the regulations regarding use of Internet—and more recently, social media—to market and advertise drugs, medical devices and diagnostics. This isn’t surprising because FDA has yet to issue any meaningful guidance on the use of the Internet and social media to market life sciences industry products. The reluctance of the agency to issue guidance is very puzzling—the use of web based-advertising and social media by life sciences companies has exploded in the past few years.

In a post today on the EyeOnFDA blog, Mark Sendak pointed out that Twitter is fast becoming the medium of choice for life sciences messaging, branding and product promotion. Despite FDA’s lack of guidance on the use of social media, an increasing number of life sciences companies and organizations are using it to stay in touch with their stakeholders and constituents. For example, the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, the Lancet, the New Scientist, Roche, Novartis, AstraZeneca, Boehringer, Cell Therapeutics and Novartis and others have Twitter accounts. Many of these companies also have fan pages or accounts on Facebook. 

It is becoming increasingly evident that the agency will have to issue guidance on social media sooner rather than later. The wide reach, immediacy and highly interactive nature of social media suggest that the current wait-and-see attitude of FDA is no longer feasible. To jump start the discussion, Social Pharmer, a group of life sciences social media enthusiasts are holding an “unconference” in Boston on April 21, 2009. I hope that FDA sends representatives to this grassroots meeting!!!

Until next time....

Good Luck and Good Job Hunting!!!!!!!

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FDA Chides 14 Drug Makers for Misleading Internet Ads

Today's New York Times reported that the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued warning letters and ordered 14 pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies to stop running what it calls misleading ads on internet search pages displayed by search engines like Google. The agency faulted the companies for failing to identify product names (brand) and not listing potential side effects (only benefits) for the drugs. In other words, the ads lacked “fair balance” something that FDA stresses and that all drug makers are very familiar with. 

Drug makers and other interest groups pay search engines like Google to place ads on search result pages after someone types in a related search word. The sidebar ads typically contain a eye-catching headline about a relevant medical condition or product and links to websites promoting certain products. The companies receiving warning letters included: Bayer, Biogen Idec, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cephalon, Eli Lilly, Forrest Laboratories, Genentech, GlaxoSmithKline, Johnson and Johnson, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, and Sanofi-Aventis. Not surprisingly, most of the world’s largest and most profitable were guilty of running misleading Internet search engine ads.

Historically, drug companies and FDA have engaged in a cat and mouse approach when it comes to advertising and marketing drug and medical devices and diagnostics. This is because FDA’s existing regulations that guide marketing and advertising practices are relatively lax and it provides drug makers with the opportunity to see how far they can push the agency before “they get caught.” While this practice may have been acceptable for print and television advertising, it may no longer be appropriate for Internet advertising— which potentially has a much broader and larger reach than traditional media because there are not national borders on the Web. Unfortunately, FDA has been slow (reluctant?) to react to digital media and is even more perplexed about social media and the drug industry. Rather than continue to play cat and mouse, I think it would be in the best interest of consumers if FDA and drug makers would sit down and craft new guidance on regulating Internet advertising and marketing practices. It is becoming increasingly apparent that the old rules are no longer sufficient as digital and social media continue to evolve.

Until next time....

Good Luck and Good Job Hunting!!!!!!! 

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